Pharmaceuticals

I INTRODUCTION 

Pharmaceuticals, medicinal drugs used for the prevention and control of disease. The civilizations of ancient India, China and the Mediterranean and Middle East discovered and employed numerous medicinal plants and minerals-including some, such as ipecac, that remain in use today. The study of drugs emerged as the distinct profession of pharmacy in 8th century Baghdad, and the first pharmacies appeared around 1180 in Montpellier, France. The profession's beginnings in the U.S. date from the American Revolution, but the United States mainly remained dependent on European drug sources until World War I, when the cutoff of the European supply stimulated American production. In the 20th century, the thousands of new drugs placed in the hands of physicians through research and development have wrought a virtual revolution in medical practice.
Drugs are divided into two groups: the ethical, or prescription, drugs, normally available only through prescription; and the proprietary, or patent, drugs, sold over the counter for relief of minor and temporary ailments. A rapidly growing field is veterinary pharmaceuticals.

II RESEARCH AND TESTING 

In the wake of the development of the sulfa drugs in the 1930s and penicillin in the '40s, the pharmaceutical industry became geared to intensive research on antibiotics, antihistamines, steroid hormones, vitamins, and many other kinds of drugs. Discovery of a new drug triggers an elaborate testing program, first on small animals such as mice, then on larger animals such as monkeys and dogs. In the U.S., approval must be obtained from the Food and Drug Administration for tests on humans, first on healthy volunteers, then on patients suffering from the affliction the drug is intended to combat.
Successive legislation has banned adulterated and misbranded products, prescribed testing by manufacturers, and required manufacturers to prove the efficacy of their products. Narcotics are under special government control via the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (see Drug Enforcement Administration).

III DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION 

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Norman@thehormoneshop.com
This page was last updated on 01/30/10

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